Diseases Affecting Different Parts of the Body

Diseases Affecting Different Parts of the Body Pnuemonia Pneumonia is an inflammation of the one or both lungs in the lower respiratory tract that involves lung parenchyma including alveoli and supportive structure. It is also called pneumonitis. Causes: it can be caused by a wide variety of etiologic agents including bacteria virus, aspiration, fungi, mycobacterium mode of transmission, clinical manifestation vary depending on the etiologic agents. Pneumonia are classified according to causative organism. They are: Bacterial pneumonia: The most common cause of pneumonia in adults is a bacterium called Streptococcus pneumonia. This form of pneumonia is sometimes called pneumococcal pneumonia. other types of bacteria can cause pneumonia, including: homophiles influenza, staphylococcal aureus, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Chlamydophila pneumonia. Viral pneumonia: Viruses can also cause pneumonia, influenza A most common with the patient of AIDS. Viruses are a common cause of pneumonia in young children. Aspiration pneumonia: The object or substance inhaled causes irritation in the lungs or damages them. This is called aspiration pneumonia. Rarely, pneumonia can be caused by breathing in: vomit, a foreign object, such as a peanut, a harmful substance, such as smoke or a chemical. Fungal pneumonia: It more often affects people whose immune systems are weakened. Fungal pneumonia includes histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis and blastomycosis. Sign and symptoms: Sudden onset of high fever. Shaking chills and sweating. Coughing, sneezing, nasal congestion. Shortness of breath Rapid Shallow breathing Hypotension Muscle pain Confusion Headache Weakness, malaise cyanosis Nausea and vomiting Diarrhoea Sharp stabbing chest pains during coughing or deep breath. Cough producing unpleasant sputum, which may be green, rusty or blood stained. Diagnosis: History of the patient. Physical examination (auscultation) Chest x-ray Sputum test for culture Bronchoscope Blood culture Liver function test C T scan Treatment: Bacterial pneumonia treated by antibiotic (Penicillin, Ampicillin). Anti -Inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, aspirin, and paracetamol). Anti-viral drugs, steroids. Chest physiotherapy Bed rest until infection shows sign of clearing. Given oxygen to improve ventilation. High level of fluid intake. Deep breathing and coughing Prevention measure: Avoiding smoking, alcohol and cold, vaccination (vaccine against influenza), good hygiene. Asthma: Asthma is a respiratory condition marked by wheezing. Asthma affects the airways of the lungs. The airways become narrow and sometime produce more mucus than usual. http://www.hse.gov.uk/asthma/ Causes: Exact cause is unknown Asthma is caused by inflammation in the airway. The inflammation irritates the muscles around the airways, and causes them to squeeze (constrict). This causes narrowing of the airways. It is then more difficult for air to get in and out of the lungs. This leads to wheezing and breathlessness. The inflammation also causes the lining of the airways to make extra mucus which causes cough and further obstruction to airflow. Sign and symptoms: feeling breathless (you may gasp for breath) a tight chest, like a band tightening around  it   wheezing, which  makes  a whistling sound when you breathe coughing particularly at night and early morning attacks triggered by exercise, exposure to allergens and other triggers Sweating, restless Diagnosis: History taking, physical examination, sign and symptoms, spirometry test, peak spirometry flow rate test, airway responsiveness tests, test of airway inflammation, test of allergy Treatment: asthma cannot be cure but some treatments are for rapid relief of symptoms. Such as inhaled steroids, inhaler (puffer), Bronchodilator ( salbutamol , nebulizer), give sodium cromoglycate to prevent attacks, Prevention: The common cold- avoid expose to cold environment, the effects of a cold can last for a long time unless you are given increased treatment. Asthma attacks are often set off by allergies. Common things which people with asthma are allergic to are grass pollen, house dust and animal fur (including your own pets). Exercise- running, particularly in cold weather, can cause an asthma attack. However, exercise-induced asthma can be controlled. People with asthma should not avoid sport and exercise they contribute to overall good health. Irritants -like tobacco smoke, fumes and a dusty atmosphere will often lead to asthma attacks. Emotion anger, anxiety or happiness can bring on an attack of wheezing in some people with asthma. But it is not true that nerves are the underlying cause of asthma. Pollution- especially from traffic, is increasingly recognized as making asthma worse. Diseases of the Digestive System: Peptic ulcer: A peptic ulcer is an area of damage to the lining of either the stomach or the wall of the small bowel. Peptic ulcer named accordingly to their location.eg esophageal ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer. Most common in duodenal ulcer. Causes: Infection from helicobacter pylori. Take non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs a long period. E.g. ibuprofen, aspirin. Constant tension and stress is another contributing factor. Excessive secretion of HCL acid in the stomach can also lead to peptic ulcer. Such as caffeine, smoking, alcohol increase HCL secretion. Sign and symptoms: Symptoms may last a few days, weeks, or months. Sometimes symptoms can disappear but reappear months, afterwards, often with no identifiable cause. Sometimes, the patient may even be symptom-less. Other symptoms include: heartburn, a bitter taste in your mouth, feeling sick or vomiting , regurgitating food, gnawing pain in mid epigastrum or back, Weight lost, bleeding, perforation Diagnosis: History taking Physical examination H. pylori test Endoscopy MRI, CT scan, Urea breath test Barium contrast x- ray Blood test Treatment and prevention: Self-help: like, avoid spicy food, alcohol, caffeine, excessive meat, milk and cream consumption. This will reduce pain. Reduce stress, stop smoking, eating regular meals and not missing meals will also neutralize acidity. Avoid steroid drugs and painkiller. Medicine: proton pump inhibitor, such as omeprazol and lansoprazol. H2 blockers, example, ranitidine and cemetidine. Treating H. pylori infection. This is usually a combination of a proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotics. http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/html/peptic_ulcer.html Gallstone: Gallstones usually form in the gall bladder from the solid constituents of bile. They can be made of pigment or cholesterol. They vary greatly in size, shape and composition. Gallstones are uncommon in children, but become increasingly prevalent after 40 years age. Causes: Sex: women are twice as likely as men develop gallstone due to excess produce estrogen in pregnancy, hormone replacement therapy to increase cholesterol level and reduce gallbladder movement Family history Weight: overweight increased cholesterol reduces gallbladder emptying. Especially in woman. Diet: diet in a fat and cholesterol and low fiber increase the risk of gallstone. Age: People older than age 60 are more likely to develop gallstones than younger people. As people age, the body tends to secrete more cholesterol into bile. Diabetes: People with diabetes generally have high levels of fatty acids called triglycerides. These fatty acids may increase the risk of gallstones. Cholesterol-lowering drugs: Drugs that lower cholesterol levels in the blood actually increase the amount of cholesterol secreted into bile. In turn, the risk of gallstones increases. Sign and symptoms: steady pain in the right upper abdomen that increases rapidly and lasts from 30 minutes to several hours pain in the back between the shoulder blades pain under the right shoulder nausea and vomiting fever Abdominal bloating, intolerance of fatty foods, belching, gas and indigestion. Diagnosis: Computerized tomography Cholescintigraphy Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) Blood tests Ultrasound Treatment: Surgical: Cholicystectomy Medical: lithotripsy Prevention: Anyone can have gallstones, but middle aged, overweight women are particularly likely to develop the problem. Diseases of endocrine system Goiter: Goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. There are many forms: Simple goiter: is most commonly due to the lack of iodine. The gland is overactive and is enlarged and often visible. Hyperthyroidism: is a disease in which the thyroxin level is too high. Hypothyroidism: is caused due to the lack of thyroxin in blood. Causes: not getting enough iodine in the diet, over production ,unproduction of hormones , family history, age, sex. Sign and symptoms: Neck mass, weakness, breathing difficulties, weight loss, tachycardia, swallowing difficulties, hoarseness, cough, dizziness, palpitation, hyperactivity Diagnosis: Sign and symptoms, history taking, physical examination, ultrasound of thyroid, x- ray, thyroid scan, thyroid stimulating hormone (THS) test, free thyroxin (T4), biopsy Treatment and Prevention: Simple goiter can be treated with thyroid hormone in the form of pill, antithyroid drugs (propylthiouracil, methimazole), suppressive therapy (levothyroxine), thyredectomy , getting enough iodine in the diet. Cushings syndrome: Cushings syndrome is a condition in which the adrenals secrete excess of cortisone. Cushings syndrome is relatively and most commonly affects adult aged 20 to 40. People who are obese, type two diabetes, high blood pressure have an increased risk of developing the disorder. Causes: Body is exposed to an excess of glucocorticoid hormones over a long period of time. The most common cause of this excess is the taking of oral steroid treatment for medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Sign and symptoms: Weight gain around the chest and abdomen Red and rounded face (moon face) Look like buffalo hump Thin and weak muscles in the leg and arms Fluid retention in the leg Excessive facial and body hair Euphoria, infertility High blood pressure Purple or pink stretch marks appear on the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, arms and breasts Skin becomes fragile and thin, bruises easily Diagnosis: History taking, physical examination, Blood test, urine test, x-ray, CT scan, MRI Treatment: Cortisol -inhibiting drugs Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy References: BBC (2009), Pneumonia. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/pneumonia1.shtml (accessed by 09/11/2010). Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Home (2010), Cushings syndrome, National Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Information Service. Available from: http://endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/cushings/cushings.htm (Accessed by 11/11/2010). BBC (2008), Cushings syndrome. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/cushing1.shtml#what_are_the_symptoms (accessed by 11/11/2010). Wikipedia (2010), Cushings syndrome. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushings_syndrome (Accessed by 11/11/2010). NHS Choices (2010), Pneumonia. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pneumonia/Pages/Introduction.aspx (Accessed by 10/11/2010). Wikipedia (2010), Pneumonia. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia (Accessed by 10/11/2010). BBC (2009), Understanding Asthma. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/in_depth/asthma/aboutasthma_index.shtml#environmental_factors (accessed by 10/11/2010). NHS Choices (2010), Asthma. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Asthma/Pages/Introduction.aspx ( Accessed by 10/11/2010). http://endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/cushings/cushings.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/cushing1.shtml#what_are_the_symptoms http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushings_syndrome

Understanding Albert Camus The Plague :: Albert Camus Plague Essays

Understanding The Plague  Ã‚   The Plague, written by Albert Camus, is a triumph of literary craft. Camus created a commentary on the way humans react to trying situations and circumstances in his fictional city of Oran in North Africa. The reader is presented with Oran as a city of several hundred thousand people. All of whom seem to take life for granted. The people of Oran ar constantly driven by business or money and only stop for life's finer pleasures on the weekends. A fairly accurate parallel to today's world. When an outbreak of plague begins in Oran, nobody pays attention at first. When the problem becomes too big to be ignored, the city is taken somewhat by surprise and placed under quarantine. The city remains isolated from the outside world for over a year, and when the outbreak reaches its peak, hundreds are dying every day. The main characters in the story are Dr. Rieux, Cottard, Tarrou, Grand, and Rambert. Rieux is the narrator (although he does not reveal himself as the narrator until the end of the story). Through Rieux's eyes and Tarrou's Journal entries , Camus depicts a personal and completely lifelike view of a major catastrophe. The was Camus creates such a quiet masterpiece of literature is not by reading death statistics and important events; it is by his focus on the individuals involved in the crisis. The most striking feature of the novel is actually very sublime. The way Camus approaches the unthinkable catastrophe of the plague is actually the opposite of the way the media in society today reports and enjoys to hear about such catastrophes. It is much easier to deal with disasters in numbers. Today's public wants to hear a comforting '250 dead today' instead of hearing about the people who died agonizing deaths and the people who love them, being forced into quarantine before the bodies are cold. Camus forces the reader to see the brutal realities of the plague, not merely in blood and gore, but also in the subtle and profound changes that occur in the people of Oran. The way Camus does this is by his never-ceasing emphasis on individual people and not the masses of the town as a whole. At the beginning of the novel, people were reluctant to recognize the plague as something that would change their lives. They thought it was simply a passing inconvenience.

Syllabules

Copyright  © 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2001, 2000, 1999 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course introduces the fundamental, logical, and design considerations addressed during system and application software development. It provides a solid background in information systems analysis and design techniques through a combination of theory and application. The Systems Development Life Cycle will be fundamental to the course. PoliciesFaculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: †¢ University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. †¢ Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in whic h you attend class.If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Blankenship, E. , Woodward, M. , Holliday, G. , & Keller, B. (2011). Professional team foundation server 2010. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. Dennis, A. , Wixom, B. H. , & Roth, R. M. (2012). Systems analysis & design (5th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Schiesser, R. (2011). IT systems management (2nd ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. Valacich, J. S. , George, J. F. , & Hoffer, J. A. (2012). Essentials of systems analysis and design (5th ed. ).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Software Microsoft ® Visio ® Microsoft ® Project ® (Recommended) Toolwire Personal Student Desktop All electronic materials are available on the student website. |Week One: Systems Development Life Cycle | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives |Define the systems development life cycle. | | | |Describe Roles of Systems Analyst and Others in System Develop ment Projects. | | | |Participation |Answer both DQ1 and DQ2 each week. Other DQs are optional and can be answered to meet required|DQ1 – Day 3 |4 | | |participation. Remember you are to post 2 substantive postings on 4 different days of the |DQ2- | | | |week.All substantive posts in Main count towards participation. |Day 4 | | |Learning Team |Resource: Learning Team Toolkit |Day 7 |1 | |Instructions | | | | |Team Charter |Complete the Learning Team Charter. One team member posts the Charter to their Assignments | | | |tab. | | | |Learning Team |Complete Service Request SR-kf-013. See the Team Paper Rubric posted in the Course Materials |Week 5 | | |Instructions |Forum. | | | |Service Request | | | | |SR-kf-013 Paper |Examine each stage of the SDLC for the Kudler Fine Foods Frequent Shopper Program. | | | | | | | | |Prepare a 12- to 16-page paper, due in Week Five. | | | | | | | | | |Post your team Project Plan and update it each week. | | | Week Two: Systems Analysis | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Explain scope and feasibility. | | | | |Define systems analysis and systems requirements. | | |Participation |Answer both DQ1 and DQ2 and post 2 substantive postings on 4 different days of the week. |4 days of week|4 | |Learning Team |Continue working on the Service Request SR-kf-013 for Kudler Fine Foods. | | | |Instructions |Create a detailed outline for each section of the paper. | | | |Service Request | | | | |SR-kf-013 Paper |Post your Project Plan for SR-kf-013.List all deliverables, assign them equitably to team | | | |(Preparation) |members and add due dates for each | | | | | |Day 7 |5 | |Individual |As one of the program outcomes for the Bachelor of Science in Information Technology program, | | | |Service Request |students must apply the principles of systems analysis and design to fundamental business | | | |SR-rm-022, Part 1 |systems within the organization. | | | | | | | | | |The final individual paper for this cla ss includes three sections; the final section is due in| | | | |Week Four. One section of the paper is due each week. The rubric is posted in the Course | | | | |Materials Forum. | | | | | | | | |Complete Section 1 of the Service Request SR-rm-022 paper. Using the Service Request | | | | |SR-rm-022, analyze the HR system. | | | | |Prepare a 4- to 6-page paper that accomplishes the following: | | | | | | | | | |What key stakeholders in Riordan Manufacturing would you gather requirements from? | | | | | | | | |Describe the information-gathering techniques and systems analysis tools you would propose for| | | | |the project. | | | | | | | | | |Identify the key factors that help ensure the information required for the project is gathered| | | | |successfully. | | | | | | | | |Explain what project scope is and why it is important. Describe the areas of project | | | | |feasibility that are examined in the analysis phase of the SCLC. | | | | | | | | | |Cite and discuss 2 to 3 referen ces, in addition to the required readings, that are relevant to| | | | |the assignment. Include citations and references formatted consistent with APA guidelines. | | | | | | | | |Submit Section 1 of the final paper. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Day 7 |15 | Week Three: Systems Design | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Define design specifications. | | | |Participation |Answer both DQ1 and DQ2 and post 2 substantive postings on 4 different days of the week. 4 days of week| | | | | |4 | |Learning Team |Continue working on Service Request SR-kf-013 Paper, due in Week Five. | | | |SR-kf-013 Paper | | | | |(Preparation) |Submit Updated Project Plan (Add actual delivery dates / comments) | | | | | |Day 7 |2 | |Individual |Complete Section 2 of the Service Request SR-rm-022 paper.This week’s assignment incorporates|Day 7 |15 | |Service Request |the transition from analysis to design. Revise Section 1 based on faculty feedback. | | | |SR-rm-022, Part 2 | | | | | |Prepare a 4- to 6-page paper that includes the following: | | | | | | | | | |Describe the application architecture and process design.Include a high-level description of | | | | |the security controls you recommend for the design of this HR system. | | | | | | | | | |Apply the tools of systems analysis to describe the information system’s architecture in terms| | | | |of data, processes, interfaces, and network. You can use a Microsoft ® Visio ® diagram to draw | | | | |examples of flow charts, data flow diagrams, and any other design tools. | | | | | | | | |Cite and discuss 2 to 3 references, in addition to the required readings, that are relevant to| | | | |the assignment. Include citations and references formatted consistent with APA guidelines. | | | | | | | | | |Submit Section 2 of the paper ONLY. | | | Week Four: Systems Development and Implementation | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Identify the activities involved in sy stems development. | | | | |Identify the activities involved in systems implementation. | | | | |Identify the activities involved in systems operations. | | | |Participation |Answer both DQ1 and DQ2 and post 2 substantive postings on 4 different days of the week. 4 days of week|4 | |Learning Team |Continue working on Service Request SR-kf-013 Paper, due in Week Five. | | | |SR-kf-013 Paper | | | | |(Preparation) |Submit Updated Project Plan (Add actual delivery dates / comments) | | | | | |Day 7 |2 | |Individual |Complete Section 3 of the Service Request SR-rm-022 paper.This section incorporates the |Day 7 |20 | |Completed SR-rm-022 |transition from design to implementation. Revise Sections 1 and 2 based on faculty feedback. | | | | | | | | | |Prepare a 4- to 6-page section that accomplishes the following: | | | | | | | | | |Describe the implementation stage for this project. | | | |Include a discussion of the six major activities for the implementation stage as described in | | | | |the text: | | | | | | | | | |Coding | | | | |Testing | | | | |Installation | | | | |Documentation | | | | |Training | | | | |Support | | | | | | | | |Describe in the discussion of these six activities how each activity would be specifically | | | | |planned for the individual project situation. | | | | |Discuss the benefits of using defined and repeatable processes for accomplishing these | | | | |activities for the implementation stage. | | | |Cite and discuss 2 to 3 references, in addition to the required readings, that are relevant to| | | | |the assignment. Include citations and references formatted consistent with APA Guidelines. | | | | | | | | | |Compile and Submit Sections 1 through 3 into one final 12-18 page paper with any suggestions | | | | |and revisions completed to the previously submitted sections. | | | Week Five: Maintenance | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Define systems maintenance and how it is performed. | | | | |Explain system configuration management. | | | |Participation |Answer both DQ1 and DQ2 and post 2 substantive postings on 4 different days of the week. |4 days of week|4 | |Learning Team |Complete Service Request SR-kf-013. Day 7 |20 | |Service Request | | | | |SR-kf-013 Paper |Submit your 12- to 16-page paper. | | | Copyright University of Phoenix ® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft ®, Windows ®, and Windows NT ® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix ® editorial standards and practices.

Smoking On College Campuses Should Be Banned - 1675 Words

Smoking, as one knows it, has become a stress-reliever worldwide. One will find a smoker pulling out a cigarette and lighting it up around every corner. Smoking has especially become a growing problem in college campuses. When a college student enters the college campus, they do not only enter a new campus, a new life is also entered. In this new experience, one will find themselves exploring new things. The power of the eye is remarkable in today’s society. When someone has a friend that is doing something, the one looking will eventually want to try as well. This can raise many red flags that can be avoided, simply by banning smoking on all college campuses. Smoking on college campuses should be banned because of nicotine’s negative effect on student’s personalities, academics, and overall health. Most college students are unaware of the dangers that smoking really has. The nicotine in a cigarette is one of the most addictive parts. When someone smokes, they ar e automatically putting themselves at a greater risk for heart disease rather than a non-smoker. The heart disease can lead to an even more serious problem, a heart attack. It is predicted that a person who smokes puts themselves at twice the risk for a heart attack verses a non-smoker. When a college student enters college, they are surely not thinking of their death date. If the college populations is unaware of the real dangers of smoking, they put themselves at a higher risk for death. In college life, one ofShow MoreRelatedSmoking Should Not Be Allowed on Campuses753 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking Should Not Be Allowed On Campuses Because of the improvement of technology, it is easier and more affordable to buy cigarettes. Smoking becomes general phenomenon. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC), there are an estimated 42.1 million adults in the United States currently smoke cigarettes. 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